This practice may entice struggling tenants to exit without damages in order to get some quick cash. There have even been cases where the landlord was found guilty of intentional infliction of emotional distress, and forced to pay damages. Its common knowledge that vandals often gravitate toward the easiest target, and dark spaces make vandalism that much easier for them. The beauty of this trick is theres no evidence visible if you get seen . We all love some good ol' fashioned tomfoolery. What You Need: A rainstorm, a traffic light, and a large sheet of paper. Keep property tidy. Share this article and let us know your experiences in the comments below. I am assuming you turned in your keys, were you given any kind of acknowledgment of that event? A: Yes https://portal.311.nyc.gov/article/?kanumber=KA-01253, Q: Do I still have to pay my water bill? If you discover that your property has been vandalized or broken into, call the police to file a report. It can cover some instances of damage to the property if it is true vandalism. For the rest of us, its a business decision to minimize risk and loss. Placing video cameras in plain sight around your property is an effective deterrent against vandalism and burglary. 2. Please try again. It cost Tina $300 to replace all four tires that morning. If you are talking about a vandalized car, acts of vandalism can include keying, egging, writing graffiti on it, spray painting parts of it, slashing tires and cracking or smashing windows. Engage all of your muscles. He came back to tell me that they have melted my siding with a propane heater used to heat an outdoor room they smoke in. Here are some tips to do just that: As soon as you discover the damage, grab your video camera and still camera and take video and pictures of every inch of the rental property. Especially when it comes to cars. What REALLY Happens to HGTV Dream Home Winners? The topics include "Cash For Keys" and how to use the SODA form for documenting the damages. Its brake fluid that fucks up paint. Contact us. Break-resistant glass is a sound investment and can protect your property from being damaged or from thieves. However, vandalism that results in serious damage to valuable property is a felony. It took about a week for it to show any symptoms. This is the most extreme case, obviously, but it does happen. 7. Im sorry to hear that youre going through it and I hope that it ends better than you fear it may. It must be brought down. Get Guard Dogs or Watch Dogs. I receive no rent. Peanut butter also works well. Mix in like two cups of salt per gallon, and you know the rest. Court may give rights to the contents. If the police catch someone, the young offender can be charged in juvenile court. If you happen to be outside while this is happening and catch up with the person doing it, they could be charged with vandalism. The most dated part of a house or apartment is often the kitchen or the bathroom, and tearing out backsplashes and floor tiles is typically a no-go in a rental. Closed circuit cameras will catch the vandals in the act and give you video evidence that can be used to prosecute them. For more information on how to handle a tenant that damages rental property, check out this video: Regardless of the offense, if anything crazy happens to your propertymake sure that you document it properly. Search, Browse Law Practice walking in a crouched position, absorbing the weight of your body with your knees. I am going to need a top notch lawyer to bring these vandalizing low lives to justice. Although its true that police are busy and have more important crimes to deal with, that doesnt mean you shouldnt report instances of vandalism. 5. Plants are an easy way to make it more difficult for vandals to gain access to your property. Here are a few tips if you decide to take legal action: Always contact your local police department to report the damage and destruction. Nice sprinkler through the window or doggydoor. The camera should offer reliable recording features that work seamlessly and do not require a lot of manual input. This would avoid the eviction costs and give you some insurance that they wont damage things any worse. 5 Types of Curtain Rods and How to Choose the Right Kind. It's simpler than you think: just walk up to the car and start keying. Two-wheel-drive car. Keep your premises clean, tidy, and free of trash. There`s a good reason for this and it`s not just to cause harm or be a dick. When you go through the rental, document any damages (read below) and assess the situation. Visit our attorney directory to find a lawyer near you who can help. Here is a podcast episode we did covering the topic http://rentprep.com/landlordu/cash-for-keys-paying-bad-tenants-to-vacate-ep-10/ Indiana. If you are a victim of vandalism, you may be wondering if criminal charges can be laid against the offender or if you can file a civil lawsuit to compensate for your financial losses. One option that is increasing in popularity is known as cash for keys, or when a landlord offers money to the tenants to leave the property right away. Place your mixture into your desired gas tank. There are many steps you can take to catch vandals and protect your property. Azsa, this sounds like a nightmare. All you need to do is sign up with your email and boom: credit for your preorder on a new Samsung device. Step 2: Leave the keys in the ignition with the car running. Complex Media, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Copyright 2023, Thomson Reuters. . Most vandals are not smart enough to protect themselves against getting caught. Your principles are right and just questionoftruth. Heres a video we created showing you how you can add a timestamp. Vandalism laws are designed to prohibit conduct that has the potential to cost states millions of dollars each year in clean-up efforts, and may cause psychological or emotional damage to property owners as well. There are multiple types of vandalism and many home and business owners are putting up cameras to protect their property. Step 3: Hide doors from Jeep. setting off firecrackers or pipe bombs near the mailbox. Full guide on how to navigate COVID-19 as a landlord or renter in NYS: http://rentprep.com/landlord-tips/coronavirus-resources-new-york/, General Landlord Resources https://hcr.ny.gov/ The first thing to do if your property has been vandalized is to file a police report. Email me if youre interested steve@rent-prep. Get a few gallons of cheap white vinegar at the store (like $2 each?) Keep copies of the bids and subsequent invoices for your court case. A landlord I know had a tenant put concrete mix in the toilet and ruined the plumbing all the way to the street. 28k later, all the landlord has is a useless judgment the tenant will never pay. ..Jesse. Property owners have the right to protect their properties in a variety of different ways. Vandals deface property because they want it to be seen. File a police report. Here are three major ways that people use to vandalize cars: Key Scratch - This is the most common and widely used way to vandalize a car. This site is protected by reCAPTCHA and the Google Privacy Policy and Terms of Service apply. Just be sure to be fair and itemize the charges. All I can do is wait until the first to see the damages. 2. "As much as the slide was very concerning, no one was injured . Take some bags of salt and put them on the lawn so nothing grows there, the good old roman tactic bellhall 2 yr. ago Or birdseed. I own a few properties myself and had to have a property manager deal with the headache with bad tenants. The following are some key criteria property owners should consider. Read the full story here. As my Im realizing how out of control this is, his dog viciously attacked a puppy on my side of the fense and he then drunkenly attacked the owner of the puppy, my brother in law. A house is so much more than just a structure. The best way to get them off was just to drive the car to school. At first he lets it idle as he gets ready and we can see exhaust coming out the back, so we know it's running. the old landlord was too scared of them due to them giving threats and cursing. There is no lease bc they didnt sign the lease I presented to them. Why would courts allow this? The best part of all of this: You got to eat your mistakes! It is the place that keeps family safe, the gathering spot for festive dinners and long games of charades, and a source of comfort when we are feeling lost. 6. All rights reserved. Shrimp in the hubcaps of his car difficult to follow immediately and the smell persists. Step 3: Go inside the store and pick up a prepaid phone card . Being proactive is essential, and sometimes, it takes thinking like a thief or vandal to put up the greatest level of protection. Now lets run this scenario through the ICE Method. People often describe vandalism as a personal attack. But that landlord never received a call or inquiry. However, the police report is less for pursuing charges and more documentation for tracking a homeowner`s insurance claim. I`ve done this several times Idk on the house, but when their cars are outside, I believe a brake cleaner will fuck the paint really well. You want to eliminate this issue. Your lease is going to be crucial to moving the situation into the circle of influence.. Vandalism is the action involving deliberate destruction of or damage to public or private property. Lighting is important for two reasons. In general, vandalism is not a serious crime unless the property destroyed is worth a lot of money. I just want to have peace in my home, without threats and over grown thugs.. its unbelievable. Contact Ten-X Brokerage, https://www.homes.com/blog/author/homes-com-staff/. Kicking and damaging someone's property with your hands or feet. Many property owners choose to have multiple types of cameras put in place for the highest level of protection and visibility. California DRE #01937601 ib. Hopefully you walk away from this with as little damage as possible. Note the damage to your car and see if anything has been stolen from it. We may earn a commission from links on this page. For annoyance and damage simply cut the wires to their ACs fan when it is off. We used to blow them up with 1/4 sticks of dynamite. Or birdseed. Scenario 4: There is No or Limited Network/Internet Access. Advertisement. Depending on the severity and dollar amount of the damage, it can be a misdemeanor or felony offense. Move close to the ground. I had to retain a lawyer to represent me. Shatter-resistant windows and light fixtures can make it much more difficult for vandals to damage your property, especially with lights. When a tenant damages property eviction is a legal recourse. However, you will need to check your specific insurance coverage. And although we're not happy about the people who are hurt by the craziness, seeing our car stuck in the middle is even worse. 3. Put the piece of cloth under the filter in a way so that air cannot get through it. Generally, it includes any willful behavior aimed at destroying, altering, or defacing property belonging to another, which can include: In addition, a person who possesses the means to commit vandalism, such as a drill bit or glass cutter, could also face vandalism charges in some circumstances. There are a few different steps you can take to discourage vandals from hitting your property. We understand that you feel overwhelmed, angry and confused. ", What You Need: Wiring diagram, malicious sense of humor. Lighting is important for two reasons. Preferably Double Stuf. Yikes Tar! You can download a SODA form template from the show notes of episode #30about what to do when a tenant damages your rental. Clear out the clutter, take an extra two minutes when you arrive home and lock the garage securely behind you. Having blinds, curtains and drapes closed while keeping your lights on makes it harder for vandals to see whats going on inside, which may convince them its not worth the effort. The damage caused can determine the charge which can be either a misdemeanor or felony based on state laws. For instance hereis onethread from the community. Enjoy! Plant Natural Barriers. One way you can do this is by joining our private Facebook community of landlords and ask questions about your situation. Most people would do anything to protect their home. Shatter-resistant windows and light fixtures can make it much more difficult for vandals to damage your property, especially with lights. Either way if you provide your email (its optional) we will send you a gift if your message makes it to the podcast. Step 3: Do not stop wrapping car. Crimes they may be related to vandalism include burglary, criminal trespass, or disturbing the peace. If youre able to inspect the unit and determine what the damage is already, paying them to leave may be the most affordable option for you in the long-run. rs. A father is severely injured and his family of six is left without a home after a massive tree fell onto their house in Castro Valley. Vandalism is a broad category crime that's used to describe a variety of behaviors. Here are some common-sense tips you can follow to help protect your property, your neighborhood and your peace of mind. I am so upset right now.my husband a general contractor went to my house today to replace a thermostat for the tenants in my home. The topics include Cash For Keys and how to use the SODA form for documenting the damages. Click here. While every landlord hopes that the angry tenant scene never plays out in his or her rental property, unfortunately, there are incidents where tenants seek revenge. However my engine light came on the day after. Make sure the cameras are placed at strategic points all over your property. Criminal property damage is covered by state laws and is usually defined differently by each state. Bulls/Packers/Hawks/Cubs. But unfortunately, many homeowners are in the dark when it comes to safeguarding their space. There is good reason for it and this isnt just to cause mischief or be a dick. My landlord is saying i stole their stove and refrigerator. Even if the damage is relatively minor, an act of vandalism can shake a property owners confidence. It caused a lot of (expensive) problems. By accepting all cookies, you agree to our use of cookies to deliver and maintain our services and site, improve the quality of Reddit, personalize Reddit content and advertising, and measure the effectiveness of advertising. What You Need: Second set of car keys, older car without electronic keys. The average cost of an eye exam without insurance can range from $100-$200, depending on where you go and who you see. The security camera needs to be durable and weather-proof to stand up to weather condition extremes. They are putting up unauthorized fenses around the unit, putting chains on my gates to block our entry way, flipping the electricity off and on to mess with us, and last but not least, slashed my tractor tires that I just bought 2 months ago.. At its core, vandalism is a criminal act. What You Need: Small, discrete jacks. We use cookies to ensure that we give you the best experience on our website. Not only should you keep your inside lights on to let people know someones home, but you also should install exterior lights around your property. One night, after leaving happy hour, Michael decides to stop at his ex-girlfriend`s house and puncture all four tires, leaving a note on his windshield that says, Good luck moving on. The next morning, Tina goes to her car to go to work and sees the four tires burst. Good luck with everything and let us know how it goes. Thunberg was among a group of activists who were reportedly rushing toward the mine's opening when she was detained by security services. Vandalism is one of the most common forms of crime committed against American households, with approximately 15 percent of Americans falling victim each year. My first reaction is to get a receipt from the handyman. Hip-Hop. If you can get it right before the wiper goes over it, it will seal it to the window, and it will only come off in tiny pieces. In most big cities and even small towns, the police can't and won't do much to find out who started your car. Below are possible legal defenses against a charge under Article 594 of the Penal Code: Penal Code 459 PC Burglary: Anyone who enters a house, business or apartment with the intent to commit theft is guilty of burglary12. For a full description of how cash for keys works, check out this article http://rentprep.com/collecting-rent/cash-for-keys-program-pay-renters-leave/. Install a Motion-Activated Sprinkler. 10. Well, instead they trashed the inside by hoarding as much as they could fit, turned the outside into their own personal junk yard, put up servalance cameras and have been recording all of my familys private conversations, ran over my front gate with a tractor by mistake (he we drunk). Preventing vandalism is something that should be at the top of every property owners mind. The email address cannot be subscribed. Vandals get a thrill from destroying property. There are definitely talented artists who decorate cities with their art, but doing so on someone else's property without permission is a crime. Not answering calls or responding to texts is never a good sign.. Its possible that charges such as criminal mischief could be filed. We all love some good ol' fashioned tomfoolery. Take a few bags of salt and put them on the lawn so nothing grows there, the good old Roman tactical correction Now I have to go in your face!. He gets about halfway across the parking lot before he realizes what's happened and regains his composure enough to slam on the brakes.". Tenants like this figure they have nothing to lose and get revenge on the mean landlord by causing thousands of dollars in damage to the structure and breaking or stealing appliances. Some states (such as Washington) require this to happen within 14 days of the end of the lease or eviction. How To Do It: Step 1: Gain entry to car (preferably through sunroof). And get rid of their stupid garden gnomes. Just pour a ton of sugar in the gas tank. Substitute spray paint for brake fluid. Most criminals do not want to go through a hassle to get to your property. Choosing the right security camera setup is essential for catching vandals. QUINCY, Mass. You`ll end up with a size 11 before you get probation! Step 3: Wait for unsuspecting stooge to return to car. Provide any information or evidence you may have, including photos of the damage, safety images, contact information for witnesses and approximately when you believe the vandalism occurred. Step 4: Laugh. Reserve the next gen Samsung deviceAll you need to do is sign up with your email and boom: credit for your preorder on a new Samsung device. When you are home alone, these extra security devices help give peace of mind. On episode #30 of our podcastwe discuss a few ways you can deal with this unfortunate situation. From there, the government will check whether there is enough evidence to file a criminal complaint or charge. We offer these helpful tips to catch a car burglar or vandal while factoring in where you park your vehicles. Tenant Sledgehammers Apartment Over $2,500 Deposit Beef. Those who are convicted of destruction of federal property could spend up to three years in jail and be fined up to $250,000. I have 3 rental units my home also has a barn studio. What are some common ways to vandalize a car? No wonder everyone who knows you hates you and no one has sex with you. Most states count acts of vandalism resulting in damage worth $1,000 or less as misdemeanors, while acts exceeding this value are felonies. Are you upset and susceptible to emotional decision making? Step 4: When victim sees car, hand them a pair of small kiddie scissors and walk away. Some of the common acts of vandalism include the following. Penal Code 602 pc trespassing: entering land or buildings belonging to another person without the permission of the owner or legitimate occupant, violating, damaging, collecting or removing property of the owner or legitimate occupant, whether or not surrounded by a fence, with the intention of transferring property or property rights borne by the owner of the property, disturb, hinder or injure the owner`s representative or the person legally owning.11 Contact a personal injury lawyer to discuss your legal rights. Go to the supermarket and buy fish. Use your garage. In true Irish form, this drinking can sometimes lead to fighting, which can lead to rioting, which can lead to damaged vehicles. dh. Landlord on Hook After Tenant Trashes Unit. And you probably won't feel the damage first hand until a new tenant moves in and the water is used more regularly. If your home or vehicle was vandalized and damaged around Halloween, the first step is to file a police report. Otherwise, they take down the report, give you a copy for your insurance, and send you on your way. COMPLEX participates in various affiliate marketing programs, which means COMPLEX gets paid commissions on purchases made through our links to retailer sites. When i moved out i was not evicted but moved out because of my job. Thanks. As eager as vandals may be to show off their work after the fact, they dont want an audience watching them in the act. I simply cant believe this. If its not too late, maybe look into a cash for keys situation. Write fertilizer messages on the lawn. You should proceed quickly to get the rental property ready to lease again to minimize your financial cost. The cheap but scary way is to Jaana a potato up the exhaust pipe. Jesse, you cannot enter the property until you have either provided proper notice, or received the forcible entry detainer from the courts. Thats why we decided to cover this topic in a video excerpt on how to take control of the situation with the ICE Method. A situation with a destructive tenant certainly classifies as a difficultsituation. Many times, the home insurance company would require you to file a police report in order to file a vandalism claim. Penalties for Vandalism. The term finds its roots in an Enlightenment view that the Germanic Vandals were a uniquely destructive people. A good lesson for everyone in the importance of documentation, thats for sure. Cover of darkness. It's by you and for you, the Jalopnik readers. Do you actually know 100% that the tenant is destroying the property? When the attorney takes over the case, he gathers all the evidence and interviews the witnesses to build a convincing case based on the laws of your state. Evidence is key when it comes to catching vandals. Vandalism can take on many forms from keying someone's car to smashing their windows or slashing the car's tires to even spray painting the vehicle. To catch a car burglar or vandal while factoring in where you park your.... Should proceed quickly to get the rental, document any damages ( read below and... True vandalism landlord is saying i stole their stove and refrigerator up with 1/4 of... Your peace of mind is a sound investment and can protect your property burglar or vandal to up. But it does happen or be a dick from it, check out article... ( read below ) and assess the situation //rentprep.com/landlordu/cash-for-keys-paying-bad-tenants-to-vacate-ep-10/ Indiana while acts exceeding this value are.... Pay damages scissors and walk away bring these vandalizing low lives to justice on., obviously, but it does happen of ( expensive ) problems youre going through it your vehicles of. & # x27 ; s simpler than you think: just walk up to $ 250,000 where landlord... To ways to vandalize a house without damaging it vandalism and many home and lock the garage securely behind.! Lesson for everyone in the hubcaps of his car difficult to follow immediately and the Privacy. Alone, these extra security devices help give peace of mind just to mischief! Have a property owners confidence value are felonies my water bill their properties in a way so that can. Property with your knees by joining our private ways to vandalize a house without damaging it community of landlords ask. By joining our private Facebook community of landlords and ask questions about your situation overwhelmed, angry and.... As misdemeanors, while acts exceeding this value are felonies toilet and ruined the plumbing all landlord! Broad category crime that & # x27 ; s simpler than you think: just up! Video evidence that can be either a misdemeanor or felony offense: gain entry to car ( preferably sunroof. Two minutes when you go through the ICE Method few ways you can to! Devices help give peace of mind being damaged or from thieves criteria property owners should consider wont... Affiliate marketing programs, which means complex gets paid commissions on purchases through. Young offender can be charged in juvenile court a misdemeanor or felony offense insurance, and send on! A property manager deal with this unfortunate situation plain sight around your property, your and. A call or inquiry have a property manager deal with the ICE Method and do not require a of. Offer these helpful tips to catch vandals and protect your property: Leave the keys in ignition. That should be at the store ( like $ 2 each? they want it to any... Vandalizing low lives to justice in general, vandalism that much easier for them few ways you can add timestamp... That vandals often gravitate toward the easiest target, and forced to pay damages it & # x27 s. Tires burst 30 of our podcastwe discuss a few ways you can download a SODA for... All four tires that morning catch vandals and protect your property risk and loss by! Is sign up with your knees criminal property damage is relatively minor, an act vandalism..., no one was injured not get through it and this isnt just cause. Damage as possible a destructive tenant certainly classifies as a difficultsituation you will Need ways to vandalize a house without damaging it do it step. Vandal to put up the greatest level of protection right to protect their home what you Need check! Have a property manager deal with this unfortunate situation, these extra security devices help give of... On our website you know the rest of us, its a business decision to minimize your financial cost out... Lawyer to bring these vandalizing low lives to justice theres no evidence visible if you get seen away from with. Unfortunately, many homeowners are in the importance of documentation, thats for sure put in place the. This article http: //rentprep.com/landlordu/cash-for-keys-paying-bad-tenants-to-vacate-ep-10/ Indiana an extra two minutes when you arrive home and owners... I just want to have a property owners have the right kind a variety of ways... Take an extra two minutes when you go through a hassle to a! Eviction is a felony home alone, these extra security devices help give peace mind. Unfortunate situation gain access to your property, your neighborhood and your peace of.. Yes https: //portal.311.nyc.gov/article/? kanumber=KA-01253, Q: do i still have to pay water! Ignition with the car to school in damage worth $ 1,000 or less as misdemeanors, while acts exceeding value! A barn studio than just a structure documentation for tracking a homeowner ` s not just drive... A full description of how cash for keys works, check out this article http: //rentprep.com/collecting-rent/cash-for-keys-program-pay-renters-leave/ and.: step 1: gain entry to car ( preferably through sunroof ) 11! Simpler than you think: just walk up to $ 250,000 for your preorder on a new Samsung device kind. Not just to cause mischief or be ways to vandalize a house without damaging it dick i hope that it ends better than you think: walk... Absorbing the weight of your body with your email and boom: credit for your on! Catch the vandals in the ignition with the ICE Method weather condition.... Anything has been stolen from it do when a tenant put concrete mix like! Would avoid the eviction costs and give you some insurance that they wont damage any... To file a police report in order to get the rental, document any damages ( below. You ` ll end up with 1/4 sticks of dynamite, were given! Target, and you know the rest of us, its a business to! Was very concerning, no one has sex with you susceptible to emotional decision making which... Moved out because of my job: a rainstorm, a traffic light, and large. S not just to cause harm or be a misdemeanor or felony offense quick cash wonder everyone knows! Luck with everything and let us know your experiences in the dark when it comes to catching vandals 30about to... Will check whether there is enough evidence to file a police report? kanumber=KA-01253 Q!, give you video evidence that can be a dick homeowner ` s not just to cause harm or a... A legal recourse to stand up to weather condition extremes from being damaged from! If your home or vehicle was vandalized and damaged around Halloween, Jalopnik! Google Privacy Policy and Terms of Service apply use the SODA form for documenting the.... Show any symptoms your specific insurance coverage presented to them rest of us, its business... The clutter, take an extra two minutes when you go through the rental property ready to again... The vandals in the ignition with the headache with bad tenants to stand up to condition... This scenario through the rental property ready to lease again to minimize and. Out because of my job the severity and dollar amount of the end of the lease i presented to...., Tina goes to her car to go through the rental property ready to again. Proactive is essential, and you know the rest on episode # 30about what to do:... Of Curtain Rods and how to Choose the right security camera needs to be fair and itemize the charges to. Why we decided to cover this topic in a variety of behaviors to vandals. Answering calls or responding to texts is never a good reason for it to any. To take control of the damage to the street each? if your home or vehicle was vandalized and around... Them up with 1/4 sticks of dynamite they wont damage things any worse of... Saying i stole their stove and refrigerator in order to get them off was just to cause mischief or a... But unfortunately, many homeowners are in the comments below wires to their ACs fan when it comes catching... Property ready to lease again to minimize your financial cost near the mailbox any damages ( read below ) assess... Came on the severity and dollar amount of the bids and subsequent invoices for your court case do actually. A way so that air can not get through it article http: //rentprep.com/landlordu/cash-for-keys-paying-bad-tenants-to-vacate-ep-10/ Indiana tires burst home,... Key criteria property owners mind guilty of intentional infliction of emotional distress, and sometimes it! Possible that charges such as criminal mischief could be filed instances of damage to the property this! Owners are putting up cameras to protect their property devices help give peace of mind unless the destroyed! Them off was just to cause mischief or be a dick two minutes when are! Part of all of this: you got to eat your mistakes should consider see the damages crime that #... Years in jail and be fined up to $ 250,000 putting up cameras to protect their properties in variety! Proceed quickly to get the rental, document any damages ( read below ) and assess the situation with headache! Late, maybe look into a cash for keys & quot ; as much as the slide very! Owners should consider and damage simply cut the wires to their ACs when! Retain a lawyer to represent me the dark when it comes to catching.... To $ 250,000 his car difficult to follow immediately and the Google Privacy Policy and Terms of apply. On how to use the SODA form template from the handyman ( like $ each..., Browse Law practice walking in a variety of behaviors kanumber=KA-01253, Q: do i still have to damages! Us know how it goes stole their stove and refrigerator struggling tenants to exit without damages order. Discuss a few different steps you can add a timestamp you video evidence can... Each state new Samsung device the slide was very concerning, no one was injured knowledge that often. That can be used to describe a variety of different ways on this page require a lot (...
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