All trademarks are property of their respective owners in the US and other countries. Fighter 2 france. In general it seems like pressuring Germany's micro is the most competitive strat. but today we found a way around it so im showing you guys today in hoi 4. A mysterious list, a small Hungarian town, and unimaginable horror. After that make sure to research land doctrine when you have a bonus for it (only acceptable doctrines are Mobile Warfare Right/Right, or Superior Firepower Right/Left). In general, the most important thing is having a good team. Most new players are pushed away by toxicitiy and the lack of avalible resources toward competitive, vannilla multiplayer. Press J to jump to the feed. LOL. It's just going to be support equipment for 20 width infantry while your tanks attack. The trick for getting 5 divisions in Spain is pretty handy. Tank divisions are mostly the same across nations. Support equipment never goes out of date so it's not bad to run a surplus. When playing them, think of them as a minor with a lot of production capacity. Planes- pure fighters, 16-24 factories on them to start expanding to 50+ later on. Don't do it if tank tech is limited. Another question doe is what kinda support planes do you use, do you do a combo of cas and tac or do you focus on only one of them? Later, I'd say keep one factory for logistics companies and convert the tanks to mech. Germany's Military Units Managing your military properly is obviously crucial in a game like Hearts of Iron 4. Division Design in Hearts of Iron IV (Beginner's Guide) 10. Feedback is much appreciated as I am not a perfect player myself. Since there are a lot of guides to Germany, I thought I'd give it a shot making one. This item has been removed from the community because it violates Steam Community & Content Guidelines. Mostly preferred by Germany, Japan and Soviet Union. So, it may be worth using French Indochina as a place to launch an invasion or consider an alliance with Japan. This guide includes a complete list of the tasks of all major nations and their jobs in normal games, insight on land, air, and naval doctrine. Which air doctrine to pick in HOI4? Reddit and its partners use cookies and similar technologies to provide you with a better experience. Political Power: the outline for this partially depends on your focus order. I always get war economy, free trade and Schacht, and I end up with around 90 civs mid-1938, but I heard that people have around 150? Contents 1 Geography 2 Events 3 National focus 4 Technology 4.1 Designers, concerns and theorists 4.2 Equipment variants 4.3 Cosmetic names 5 Politics 5.1 National spirits 5.2 Diplomacy ----- Features ----- - WW1 Start Dates: 1910 - WW2 Start Dates: 1936 - Massive Technology Tree 1900-2060 - Massive Generic Focus Tree (1910-2060) - Reworked Law System with much more immersion. To that end, there's 2 basic ways to do your first 4 foci: Rhineland -> Army Innovations 1 -> Tank Treaty -> 4 Year Plan - earlier PP and the +5 world tension from Rhineland will decay before UK can start Shadow Scheme. Share Facebook Twitter Reddit Whatsapp Telegram Viber Email. When you give the mediums +5 gun and the heavies have 7 infantry types and 5 supports. But do not research the 1938 computing yet. Surrounded by other nations of the Benelux including the Netherlands and Luxembourg as well as France to the south and the German Reich.. In-game, the nation is divided into 2 states that have the perfect geography for tanks - Vlaanderen is mostly plains, while Wallonie is mostly forest. New Zealand just makes light tanks, doesnt get any easier then that. South Africa is an important nation in the allies that is relatively easy to play. The efficient multiples are 32 and 16, so the 32-width or 16-width divisions can stack up to maximum without suffering the terrain plenty. As well as proper division templates and other useful things to know when going into HOI4 multiplayer. Most Hearts of Iron IVplayers will agree that Germany is one of the most thrilling nations to play due to its unique national focus tree and advantages it gets in comparison to neighbouring states. These are what you mainly build for the rest of the game. Ideally your allies will be making the CAS/TAC/NBs while you make the majority of fighters but you gotta ask rather than just assuming. You shouldnt worry about having a land army, if you have any spare research do synthetics and make them for you and your faction. Maybe a few mils on support planes you prefer(TACs!). I'm not a fan of the silent workhorse either. By then you should own a great Empire and will be ready to destroy America! ._3bX7W3J0lU78fp7cayvNxx{max-width:208px;text-align:center} you should now have 82 divisions. I don't start building mils until I get tank 2s. Sub spam sub 3's with snorkels if not banned, and watch as the Allies ragequit. BEST HOI4 PLAYER SHOWS YOU HOW TO PLAY GERMANY - HOI4 Multiplayer TommyKay 471K subscribers Join Subscribe 16K 621K views 3 years ago WOLOLOLO! If you're in Cope's mod and there's a guaranteed start date to the civil war, it's best to save 250 PP heading into July 1936. Do not build forts. Alternatively, you could consider invading Poland first as you can concentrate on the Western Theatre. For production put any new mils onto fighters (make sure to use air xp to max engine, then range and reliability), and rearrange your other equipment to what your needs are. I'd recommend free trade after industry company. HOI4: The Netherlands Guide - Your national focus tree gives you the chance to increase naval production (the boat is a replica . 10 width China sucks. Reply. 2. Both are acceptable, construction is the "late game" play but the timing with conc 4 is great. An Intermediate Guide to the Navy in Multiplayer By ems This guide will cover more intermediate knowledge and tricks of the HOI4 Navy, as well as comment on the current navy metas, why they work, and how to deal with them. use army xp you get from Rhineland and army innovations to add 3 infantry battalions, and make sure they are considered Elite so they get equipment first. Motorized- early, 1 factory will sustain you for a long time. for dockyards make sure to put them on producing the cheapest ship possible since most server admins don't like actually having to try to counter good subs. Also be sure to have one dockyard on convoys. This includes a rundown on specific nation guides and a general guide to follow. you'll have enough equipment for this as by this time you get more than enough from annexing the Czechs and Austrians. The link to join our discord is https://discord.gg/fVMYw7Z The efficient multiples are 45 and 15, so the 45-width or 15-width divisions can stack up to maximum without suffering the terrain plenty. Raj is the Soviet Union for Japan, you are the nation that has a easy early game all the way until 1941 when you are forced to deal with the Japanese and hold them off. .Rd5g7JmL4Fdk-aZi1-U_V{transition:all .1s linear 0s}._2TMXtA984ePtHXMkOpHNQm{font-size:16px;font-weight:500;line-height:20px;margin-bottom:4px}.CneW1mCG4WJXxJbZl5tzH{border-top:1px solid var(--newRedditTheme-line);margin-top:16px;padding-top:16px}._11ARF4IQO4h3HeKPpPg0xb{transition:all .1s linear 0s;display:none;fill:var(--newCommunityTheme-button);height:16px;width:16px;vertical-align:middle;margin-bottom:2px;margin-left:4px;cursor:pointer}._1I3N-uBrbZH-ywcmCnwv_B:hover ._11ARF4IQO4h3HeKPpPg0xb{display:inline-block}._2IvhQwkgv_7K0Q3R0695Cs{border-radius:4px;border:1px solid var(--newCommunityTheme-line)}._2IvhQwkgv_7K0Q3R0695Cs:focus{outline:none}._1I3N-uBrbZH-ywcmCnwv_B{transition:all .1s linear 0s;border-radius:4px;border:1px solid var(--newCommunityTheme-line)}._1I3N-uBrbZH-ywcmCnwv_B:focus{outline:none}._1I3N-uBrbZH-ywcmCnwv_B.IeceazVNz_gGZfKXub0ak,._1I3N-uBrbZH-ywcmCnwv_B:hover{border:1px solid var(--newCommunityTheme-button)}._35hmSCjPO8OEezK36eUXpk._35hmSCjPO8OEezK36eUXpk._35hmSCjPO8OEezK36eUXpk{margin-top:25px;left:-9px}._3aEIeAgUy9VfJyRPljMNJP._3aEIeAgUy9VfJyRPljMNJP._3aEIeAgUy9VfJyRPljMNJP,._3aEIeAgUy9VfJyRPljMNJP._3aEIeAgUy9VfJyRPljMNJP._3aEIeAgUy9VfJyRPljMNJP:focus-within,._3aEIeAgUy9VfJyRPljMNJP._3aEIeAgUy9VfJyRPljMNJP._3aEIeAgUy9VfJyRPljMNJP:hover{transition:all .1s linear 0s;border:none;padding:8px 8px 0}._25yWxLGH4C6j26OKFx8kD5{display:inline}._2YsVWIEj0doZMxreeY6iDG{font-size:12px;font-weight:400;line-height:16px;color:var(--newCommunityTheme-metaText);display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;padding:4px 6px}._1hFCAcL4_gkyWN0KM96zgg{color:var(--newCommunityTheme-button);margin-right:8px;margin-left:auto;color:var(--newCommunityTheme-errorText)}._1hFCAcL4_gkyWN0KM96zgg,._1dF0IdghIrnqkJiUxfswxd{font-size:12px;font-weight:700;line-height:16px;cursor:pointer;-ms-flex-item-align:end;align-self:flex-end;-webkit-user-select:none;-ms-user-select:none;user-select:none}._1dF0IdghIrnqkJiUxfswxd{color:var(--newCommunityTheme-button)}._3VGrhUu842I3acqBMCoSAq{font-weight:700;color:#ff4500;text-transform:uppercase;margin-right:4px}._3VGrhUu842I3acqBMCoSAq,.edyFgPHILhf5OLH2vk-tk{font-size:12px;line-height:16px}.edyFgPHILhf5OLH2vk-tk{font-weight:400;-ms-flex-preferred-size:100%;flex-basis:100%;margin-bottom:4px;color:var(--newCommunityTheme-metaText)}._19lMIGqzfTPVY3ssqTiZSX._19lMIGqzfTPVY3ssqTiZSX._19lMIGqzfTPVY3ssqTiZSX{margin-top:6px}._19lMIGqzfTPVY3ssqTiZSX._19lMIGqzfTPVY3ssqTiZSX._19lMIGqzfTPVY3ssqTiZSX._3MAHaXXXXi9Xrmc_oMPTdP{margin-top:4px} If you can't get a coop player to manage your planes or another country to be the plane manager for the Soviet Union then it's really hard to micro tanks, infantry and planes across the biggest front in the war. Infantry weapons designer is fine but usually you're gearing up for war at this point. Due to its advantages, it is likely one of the easiest as well. Soviets sometimes will hold some divisions in front of the Stalin line, but the Stalin line is his main defense. once you've accomplished this either try to get them back to Europe or delete them. Later, lots of factories. Once you begin the war, you should just let the Soviets attack constantly until there manpower goes to zero on the highest conscription policy. This is the nation you play when you just got home from Taco Bell and you join a game with 20 people already and its the only nation open. This HOI4 Germany Strategy Guide is on the record as noting that trading with the Soviet Union should be your last resort if you're low on resources. 2011 ford edge sunroof recall; former koaa news anchors Then you're looking to do the refinery focus when you're ahead of time on rubber tech and researching the next one (ideally 300% bonus is used on 1943 rubber tech), you want the 100% infrastructure in Germany in late 37-early 38 so you can build refineries in 100% infra zones. country of origin labeling requirements hoi4 cancel lend lease. .FIYolDqalszTnjjNfThfT{max-width:256px;white-space:normal;text-align:center} Below you will find a recommended list of national focuses: After you have completed these, your army (which you should be building up during these national focuses) will be enough to go down the Anschluss path and eventually go to war with the Allies. hoi4 put checks in place to prevent people from using ahead of bonuses on stuff too far ahead to prevent research rushing. after annexing Austria you want to train filler infantry until you have 122 divisions. For the Allies you need to use your tanks and air force to disorganise the enemy and encircle. Once you can research heavy TD 2's do it but don't waste your armor research buff on these. Mix in SPG or TD if you want. That being said, the player can freely change the course of events and either change the course of Germany's path or steal the spotlight as another country. I prefer not to establish Vichy France as it is quite easy to defend the French coast. Now that France is dead use your divisions to guard D-Day while you que up 120 more for the Soviet front. Planes- as soon as you get the fighter 2 license from Romania, start producing the licensed fighters and start researching your own. Go for 24 factories if Siam is willing to trade you back for rubber. ._3K2ydhts9_ES4s9UpcXqBi{display:block;padding:0 16px;width:100%} There are three different types of military forces present in the game. If the soviets are doing the meta this will be the case, and as well his anti air tanks will demolish your battlefield support planes. Tactics: as always, game depending. Create an account to follow your favorite communities and start taking part in conversations. Heavies are more expensive than Mediums and slower, but Mediums are outmatched by heavies Breakthrough, Hard attack, Soft Attack, and Armor. Make a plan and get them on board. This is generally for MP but works just fine in SP as well. Moreover, Heinrich Himmler is worth getting as he slightly increases your manpower as well as the Captain of Industry, War Industrialist and Heinz Guderian as a military theorist. For industry set 5-10 factories on guns, 3-5 on artillery, 1-3 on support equipment, 1-2 on motorized, one on armored cars, and the rest on fighter 1's. New Zealand is literally the easiest nation in the game with a focus tree. New comments cannot be posted and votes cannot be cast. Aligning Romania and Hungary can be bypassed if they join the Axis and puppeting them gives more factories overall, but you need to convince players to be puppeted. HOI4 Multiple Autosaves Guide. But if you stay with mot, adding more is just fine. Send an attache to Spain and go war economy with the 10% war support from that. Que up 4-5 heavy tanks, and deploy them as soon as possible (you can use Tank convert divs, but their generally expensive to make with army xp). With this, find below a concise list of the research you should prioritise: Im going to split this section into two separate parts as the tactics used against the Allies and the Soviet Union are somewhat divergent. Tank Template: 10 heavy tanks, 3 heavy AT, 7 mechanized (can be replaced with Am tracks for Stalin line div), support logistics, support Engineers, support Maintenance Company, support Armored car recon, support Signal Company. ._1x9diBHPBP-hL1JiwUwJ5J{font-size:14px;font-weight:500;line-height:18px;color:#ff585b;padding-left:3px;padding-right:24px}._2B0OHMLKb9TXNdd9g5Ere-,._1xKxnscCn2PjBiXhorZef4{height:16px;padding-right:4px;vertical-align:top}.icon._1LLqoNXrOsaIkMtOuTBmO5{height:20px;vertical-align:middle;padding-right:8px}.QB2Yrr8uihZVRhvwrKuMS{height:18px;padding-right:8px;vertical-align:top}._3w_KK8BUvCMkCPWZVsZQn0{font-size:14px;font-weight:500;line-height:18px;color:var(--newCommunityTheme-actionIcon)}._3w_KK8BUvCMkCPWZVsZQn0 ._1LLqoNXrOsaIkMtOuTBmO5,._3w_KK8BUvCMkCPWZVsZQn0 ._2B0OHMLKb9TXNdd9g5Ere-,._3w_KK8BUvCMkCPWZVsZQn0 ._1xKxnscCn2PjBiXhorZef4,._3w_KK8BUvCMkCPWZVsZQn0 .QB2Yrr8uihZVRhvwrKuMS{fill:var(--newCommunityTheme-actionIcon)} For Germany generally your opening moves should be to delete your air force and create a air wing of 200 interwar bombers. If tank and plane tech is unlimited, it'll play a bit differently than a "only 2 years ahead of time" rule. Support companies are really key, you want engineers, recon, and signals maxed out if you can with logistics as a slightly lower priority. License those and research as well. It can also be found in my discord server: https://discord.gg/s2A6aMn 1 Reply More posts you may like r/hoi4 Join 12 days ago Challenge: Win a game of HOI4 using ChatGPT to design your divisions. Get Goebbels eventually to max out fascism if you went attache, the stability will be worth it and Spain will end at some point. In order to have any chance of defeating the Allies (Britain and France) you must focus on building a formidable navy (Battleships, Destroyers and Submarines) and a air force. For research start off with researching heavy 2's (make sure after treaty with USSR to stop researching these then reapply so the bonus takes effect), as well as computing tech including radios. I think you're putting way too much support into your tanks to begin with, and that armoured cars or recon at all isn't really worth it. New comments cannot be posted and votes cannot be cast. After that, industry company, military theorist (Guderian because armor speed is unique), airplane designer (fighters), tank designer(heavies or mediums), ship designer (Blohm and Voss raiding fleet). A good nation for new players. Infantry/Arty/support- guns 1 are fine for infantry but you do want the support weapons upgraded. I'm thinking about what kind of armor and piercing I need for El-Alamein as the South Africans. Is free trade worth the factories I'll be losing for trade? If there are no plane tech limits, encourage Hungary/Bulgaria to rush fighter 3s. Manufacturing: again, broad strokes and depends on rules and how cooperative your allies are with tradebacks. If you have some better strategies feel free to comment them. You want 3-5 factories on artillery, but don't mention actually using it. Ethiopia is technologically backward, at war with a great power, and suffering from huge penalties. ._2Gt13AX94UlLxkluAMsZqP{background-position:50%;background-repeat:no-repeat;background-size:contain;position:relative;display:inline-block} . Report. You really need to win the air war in multiplayer. Espaol - Latinoamrica (Spanish - Latin America), https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=WBOD8qeCBuc. Planes- pure fighters, 16-24 factories on them to start expanding to 50+ later on. A place to share content, ask questions and/or talk about the grand strategy game Hearts of Iron IV by Paradox Development Studio. About Us; Staff; Camps; Scuba. Support equipment- a couple factories at the beginning, enough later on. ._2cHgYGbfV9EZMSThqLt2tx{margin-bottom:16px;border-radius:4px}._3Q7WCNdCi77r0_CKPoDSFY{width:75%;height:24px}._2wgLWvNKnhoJX3DUVT_3F-,._3Q7WCNdCi77r0_CKPoDSFY{background:var(--newCommunityTheme-field);background-size:200%;margin-bottom:16px;border-radius:4px}._2wgLWvNKnhoJX3DUVT_3F-{width:100%;height:46px} If you understand all the advice it gives you are in a good position to design your own strategies for MP. You want to coordinate with the other Axis/CoPr members to keep world tension below the key benchmarks that unlock parts of the Allies' focus trees (5%, 10%, and 20% being the most relevant). After you capitulate Belgium you must get into France as soon as possible and your tanks will act as the breakthrough. Make sure to set it to be added to your one deathstack fleet. Just keep in mind that more civs in '38 makes your '39 and '40 war harder but makes your '41 war easier. before the Spanish civil war starts you should have deployed the 37 tank divisions queuing up, as well as 15 more you added after. Pokmon Scarlet and Violet | Iron Leaves Tera Raid Event Guide, Wild Hearts | Master of the Skies Achievement/Trophy Guide, Wild Hearts | How to Craft the Best Weapons (Weapon Upgrade Guide), Remorse: The List 10 Xbox Keys Giveaway, 10 Games Releasing In March To Look Out For. It may be a little vague in some areas but it's because a lot of factors are all up to circumstance. Press J to jump to the feed. I looked it up and it says armored cars but that doesn't make sense in this context. If you follow that Naval advice, your Navy is gonna get sunk. If Japan is going light tanks then convince the USSR to send you anti air to use as support anti air to pierce the Japanese tanks. This makes you just delete his forts and gives you the advantage. You really need to win the air war in multiplayer. Instead try and secure air superiority over the British and use close air support and naval bombers to destroy British ships. for Industry build Civs until 1938. Bulgaria is the least important Axis minor in europe, a good nation for new players seeking to learn the game. Operational Integrity. Instead make 20 width pure infantry with AA as meat shields. ._12xlue8dQ1odPw1J81FIGQ{display:inline-block;vertical-align:middle} urban assault should take priority from these(however make sure your attacking states with unplanned offensive as it allows for the best grind). After completing army innovations 2 make sure to research heavy 3's and mech when possible. In addition, do the Westwall national focus so you can have fewer troops on the French border allowing you to focus on the Belgian invasion. With this, the British Raj can become a troublesome problem as it can often become a great power, meaning you have to capitulate it before the war ends. Some are obvious (encircle people, attack with tanks) so I'll try to avoid saying stuff you probably know. ._9ZuQyDXhFth1qKJF4KNm8{padding:12px 12px 40px}._2iNJX36LR2tMHx_unzEkVM,._1JmnMJclrTwTPpAip5U_Hm{font-size:16px;font-weight:500;line-height:20px;color:var(--newCommunityTheme-bodyText);margin-bottom:40px;padding-top:4px;text-align:left;margin-right:28px}._2iNJX36LR2tMHx_unzEkVM{-ms-flex-align:center;align-items:center;display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex}._2iNJX36LR2tMHx_unzEkVM ._24r4TaTKqNLBGA3VgswFrN{margin-left:6px}._306gA2lxjCHX44ssikUp3O{margin-bottom:32px}._1Omf6afKRpv3RKNCWjIyJ4{font-size:18px;font-weight:500;line-height:22px;border-bottom:2px solid var(--newCommunityTheme-line);color:var(--newCommunityTheme-bodyText);margin-bottom:8px;padding-bottom:8px}._2Ss7VGMX-UPKt9NhFRtgTz{margin-bottom:24px}._3vWu4F9B4X4Yc-Gm86-FMP{border-bottom:1px solid var(--newCommunityTheme-line);margin-bottom:8px;padding-bottom:2px}._3vWu4F9B4X4Yc-Gm86-FMP:last-of-type{border-bottom-width:0}._2qAEe8HGjtHsuKsHqNCa9u{font-size:14px;font-weight:500;line-height:18px;color:var(--newCommunityTheme-bodyText);padding-bottom:8px;padding-top:8px}.c5RWd-O3CYE-XSLdTyjtI{padding:8px 0}._3whORKuQps-WQpSceAyHuF{font-size:12px;font-weight:400;line-height:16px;color:var(--newCommunityTheme-actionIcon);margin-bottom:8px}._1Qk-ka6_CJz1fU3OUfeznu{margin-bottom:8px}._3ds8Wk2l32hr3hLddQshhG{font-weight:500}._1h0r6vtgOzgWtu-GNBO6Yb,._3ds8Wk2l32hr3hLddQshhG{font-size:12px;line-height:16px;color:var(--newCommunityTheme-actionIcon)}._1h0r6vtgOzgWtu-GNBO6Yb{font-weight:400}.horIoLCod23xkzt7MmTpC{font-size:12px;font-weight:400;line-height:16px;color:#ea0027}._33Iw1wpNZ-uhC05tWsB9xi{margin-top:24px}._2M7LQbQxH40ingJ9h9RslL{font-size:12px;font-weight:400;line-height:16px;color:var(--newCommunityTheme-actionIcon);margin-bottom:8px} 1. Schadt will leave after Sudetenland so replace him with Funk for military construction. ._2ik4YxCeEmPotQkDrf9tT5{width:100%}._1DR1r7cWVoK2RVj_pKKyPF,._2ik4YxCeEmPotQkDrf9tT5{display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;-ms-flex-align:center;align-items:center}._1DR1r7cWVoK2RVj_pKKyPF{-ms-flex-pack:center;justify-content:center;max-width:100%}._1CVe5UNoFFPNZQdcj1E7qb{-ms-flex-negative:0;flex-shrink:0;margin-right:4px}._2UOVKq8AASb4UjcU1wrCil{height:28px;width:28px;margin-top:6px}.FB0XngPKpgt3Ui354TbYQ{display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;-ms-flex-align:start;align-items:flex-start;-ms-flex-direction:column;flex-direction:column;margin-left:8px;min-width:0}._3tIyrJzJQoNhuwDSYG5PGy{display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;-ms-flex-align:center;align-items:center;width:100%}.TIveY2GD5UQpMI7hBO69I{font-size:12px;font-weight:500;line-height:16px;color:var(--newRedditTheme-titleText);white-space:nowrap;overflow:hidden;text-overflow:ellipsis}.e9ybGKB-qvCqbOOAHfFpF{display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;-ms-flex-align:center;align-items:center;width:100%;max-width:100%;margin-top:2px}.y3jF8D--GYQUXbjpSOL5.y3jF8D--GYQUXbjpSOL5{font-weight:400;box-sizing:border-box}._28u73JpPTG4y_Vu5Qute7n{margin-left:4px} Enough is a very vague term but it's going to depend heavily on your template design. thomson reuters drafting assistant user guide. However, Britain is usually the biggest problem. With Rhineland + Goebbels, you can go war economy immediately. 10. Why have all the allies D-Day Normandy when you could D-Day five places at once. This will allow you to have many more tanks and infantry on the field than if you were contesting the skies over the Soviet Union and make micro much easier on yourself. Me and my friends have been playing multiplayer as Axis vs Allies, but it seems to me like it's nearly impossible to win as Germany, and I think I am doing something wrong. National Focus: in broad strokes, you want 4 year plan to be your 4th focus and you want construction 2 and concentrated 2 to be actively researching before 4 year plan finishes. Do this for games where Ethiopia grinding is limited, Italy cannot puppet them, and/or Spain will fire early (either he took Falangists or it's Cope's mod with a decided start date for Spain).
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