0000003940 00000 n The Differential Ability Scales, Second Edition (DAS-II; Elliott 2007) is an individually administered test designed to measure distinct cognitive abilities for children and adolescents ages 2 years, 6 months to 17 years, 11 months. This standardized cognitive assessment measures cognitive and motor abilities in children from birth to 5 years and 6 months and can be used to assess school readiness. WebDifferential Ability Scales-II View all tests and materials DAS-II Overview Live Webinar 3 Hours A103000072424 Qualification Level C This 3-hour session provides an overview of the DASII focusing on characteristics of the test, subtest administration and scoring, and basic interpretation of results. This study was an effort to subtype adolescents' learning disabilities using scores on the Woodcock-Johnson Psycho-Educational BatteryRevised to characterize subtypes, suggesting that these students had two specific types of learning disorders. FOIA 0000008317 00000 n Abstract. The nature and the structure of children's abilities are considered in the light of evidence from the Differential Ability Scales (DAS), a newly published, individually administered cognitive test, The purposes of this research were, first, to determine whether the varied tests contained in the Differential Ability Scales (DAS) measure the same constructs across its wide range, and, second, to, In a study of the construct validity of composite and selected subtest scores of the Differential Ability Scales (DAS), scores from the DAS, WISC-R, and Stanford Achievement Test were compared for 46, The Differential Ability Scales (DAS) is a scale developed in the British empirical tradition and is purported to be useful in making educational decisions for children. 0000001997 00000 n Subsequent theorists have 0000024903 00000 n Visual Reception as a scale is predictive of later cognitive abilities. 0000004349 00000 n WebStructural equation modeling (SEM) and commonality analyses were applied to the Differential Ability Scales, Second Edition (DAS-II) standardization and clinical sample data. 0000050086 00000 n WebThe Differential Ability Scales (DAS) is a nationally normed (in the US), and individually administered battery of cognitive and achievement tests. WebThe Nature and Structure of the Das: Questioning the Test's Organizing Model and Use. Yields standard scores (M = 100, SD = 15) for composite and cluster scores, T-scores (M = 50, SD = 10) for subtest scores, percentile ranks, confidence intervals, qualitative descriptors, and age equivalents. Age Range: Age Range (in years as given in study) 210 years, Sample Size: 47 with autism spectrum disorder (ASD); 28 with non-ASD developmental delays; 43 typically developing children, Concurrent validity between DAS-II and MSEL. Good administration xb```f`` ,[Xvog)[!v sEo3)99{[}=$9W(2= uW?i\v8_i%F| Subscales: Overall Composite Scores: General Conceptual Ability (GCA) score; Special Nonverbal Composite (SNC) score Developed 0000002038 00000 n The scores help in deciding how 0000050704 00000 n WebDifferential Ability Scales developed by Collin D. Elliott reflect theories that focus on measuring diverse skills. WebDifferential Ability Scales, 2 nd Edition (DAS-II) Ages 2:6 17:11. 2023 Jan;16(1):122-142. doi: 10.1002/aur.2842. Kolevzon A, Levy T, Barkley S, Bedrosian-Sermone S, Davis M, Foss-Feig J, Halpern D, Keller K, Kostic A, Layton C, Lee R, Lerman B, Might M, Sandin S, Siper PM, Sloofman LG, Walker H, Zweifach J, Buxbaum JD. HHS Vulnerability Disclosure, Help 0000011732 00000 n 2022 Aug 27;3(4):100138. doi: 10.1016/j.xhgg.2022.100138. This reaction focuses on and. This measure allows a comparison of language development even in a child who is one to two years old. Epub 2015 Apr 20. The DAS-II is useful for identifying strengths and weaknesses so appropriate individual education program (IEP) goals, intervention strategies, and progress monitoring can be developed; and comparing ability scores over time, even when normative scores cannot be obtained. See this image and copyright information in PMC. Notably, the core battery for ages 2:6-3:5 contains only four subtests and may be more useful as a screening instrument for children of this age. This longitudinal study results indicated that nonverbal cognitive scores (NVIQ) in individuals with ASD declined between toddlerhood and adulthood, particularly among those whose scores were below 70. Epub 2022 Jan 12. (2015). An open-label study evaluating the safety, behavioral, and electrophysiological outcomes of low-dose ketamine in children with ADNP syndrome. 4 Rs-4 :::Nb 10t@.GTtg; i vdc(ur. ?;2is41a:HBFA7c)lY +u e4m:{T. 3) z7$n|L:4#0^~j8 p endstream endobj 80 0 obj<> endobj 82 0 obj<>/Font<>>>/DA(/Helv 0 Tf 0 g )>> endobj 83 0 obj<> endobj 84 0 obj<> endobj 85 0 obj<>/Font<>/ProcSet[/PDF/Text]/ExtGState<>/Properties<>>> endobj 86 0 obj<> endobj 87 0 obj<> endobj 88 0 obj<> endobj 89 0 obj<> endobj 90 0 obj<> endobj 91 0 obj<> endobj 92 0 obj<> endobj 93 0 obj<> endobj 94 0 obj<>stream 0000026154 00000 n 0000051886 00000 n The following six subgroups were identified: (a) generalized, (b) high functioning, (c) normal, (d) underachievement, (e) borderline, and (f. 1. This site needs JavaScript to work properly. WebThe Differential Ability ScalesSecond Edition (DASII; El-liott, 2007a) is an individually administered battery of cognitive from the WJ III COG normative sample, obtained markedly dif-ferent results for the WJ III COG than the CFA results reported in its technical manual (McGrew & Woodcock, 2001). 4. Careers. Please enable it to take advantage of the complete set of features! (2015). Price includes up to 40 people per session. Theory of mind performance is associated, View 6 excerpts, cites methods and background. -Marit Korkman, PhD, Ursula Kirk, PhD, and Sally Kemp, PhD. The DAT contains eight scales: 1) Verbal Reasoning (VR) 2) Numerical Ability (NA) 3) Abstract Reasoning (AR) 4) Perceptual (Clerical) Speed and Accuracy (PSA) 5) Mechanical Reasoning (MR) 6) Space Relations (SR) 7) Spelling (SP) 8) Language Usage (LU) However, curve estimation revealed large mean differences that varied as a function of the child's cognitive ability level. 0000051436 00000 n Accessibility Dotted line represents a 1:1 relationship between MSEL and DAS-II. This study will examine the implementation of new technology for children with ASD in public schools and will be the first to measure the effectiveness of CAI, and investigate whether adding a new technology on top of existing practices increases or decreases their use. WebTechnical Report for DAS-II and WIAT-II (School Age Battery) Copyright Examinee ID: 1 Page 1 Examinee: John Sample Report Date: 7/19/2007 Age: 8 years, 5 months Grade: WebDifferential Ability Scales. S. Elliott. WebDifferential Ability Scales Second Edition (DAS-II) is a comprehensive clinical assessment designed to evaluate cognitive abilities in children and adolescents across a broad range of developmental levels. The PubMed wordmark and PubMed logo are registered trademarks of the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services (HHS). 0000003665 00000 n Zheng S, Kaat A, Farmer C, Thurm A, Burrows CA, Kanne S, Georgiades S, Esler A, Lord C, Takahashi N, Nowell KP, Will E, Roberts J, Bishop SL. Am J Intellect Dev Disabil. Gifted students with LD were more reliant on verbal conceptualization and reasoning than the control students, and demonstrated deficiencies in short-term auditory memory and sound discrimination. In particular, they often have tro uble with phonological processing, which is a robust predictor of, Abstract A normative typology was developed and applied using multivariate profile analysis of subtest scores of the Universal Nonverbal Intelligence Test (UNIT) standardization sample. eCollection 2022. Webincluded portions of the Differential Ability Scales (DAS-2), Kaufman Assessment Battery for Children (KABC-2), and Comprehensive Test of Phonological Processing (CTOPP). These results View 5 excerpts, cites background and methods, The ability profiles most representative of the school-age norm group for the Differential Ability Scales (DAS; Elliot, 1990a), an individually administered test of cognitive skills, are identified. 2013;2(1):33-42. doi: 10.1080/21622965.2012.682852. The Differential Ability Scales Second Edition (DAS-II; Elliott, 2007) is an individually administered norm-referenced battery of cognitive subtests for children and adolescents ages 2:6 through 17:11. 0000029702 00000 n $>Q')VC2T-$s,EKOw^ _|57us/__|.PaK h)NC0vWw6-42 e,9\`n'yX'fRj8@uU{v+ q-5ROK1L~: Useful features and differences in the administration strategy of DAS are reviewed. Individually administered intelligence measures are commonly used in diagnostic work, but there is a continuing need for research investigating possible test bias among these measures. WebWe evaluated the correspondence of contemporaneous MSEL and the DAS-II scores in a mixed sample of children aged 2-10 years with autism spectrum disorder (ASD), non-ASD developmental delays, and typically developing children across the 0000025640 00000 n What they called "organic factors" is simply an etiological, By clicking accept or continuing to use the site, you agree to the terms outlined in our, 10.1002/1520-6807(199301)30:1<11::AID-PITS2310300103>3.0.CO;2-R. WebThe Differential Ability Scales (2nd ed., DASII) is unique in that it goes beyond cognitive ability testing to give insight into how a child processes information. Two commonly used and interchanged instruments are the Mullen Scales of Early Learning (MSEL), a test of developmental level, and the Differential Ability Scales, second edition (DAS-II), a more traditional cognitive test. The purpose of this study was to determine whether distinct subgroups of children with learning disabilities could be identified using a single, recently developed instrumentthe Differential Ability Scales (DAS). 0000025949 00000 n It can be administered to children aged 3 years to 16 years and 11 months and provides norm-based scores in the areas of executive functioning (mental skills are used to complete tasks), attention, language, memory, learning, sensorimotor abilities, visual-spatial processing (mentally moving objects around), and social perception (forming impressions of and make inferences about others). Estimates of intelligence in young children with neurodevelopmental disorders are critical for making diagnoses, in characterizing symptoms of disorders, and in predicting future outcomes. The DAS-II is aligned with Cattell-Horn-Carroll cognitive theory. 0000048655 00000 n 2015 Dec;27(4):1364-78. doi: 10.1037/pas0000116. 79 0 obj <> endobj xref 79 51 0000000016 00000 n DAS provides extended age ranges and out-of-level testing, Investigating the written language abilities of two individuals with Williams syndrome found that, despite the strong similarity between the two individuals in terms of their verbal and non-verbal cognitive abilities and their phonological abilities, their reading and spelling abilities differed by more than 5 grade levels. Regression lines reflect age (in months; centered at grand mean of 63.67) entered as a covariate. This is an updated edition of the WISC-IV and also produces standardized cognitive measures of children aged 6 to 16 years and 11 months. 0000039551 00000 n 0000018612 00000 n 0000021754 00000 n Bookshelf BMC Pediatr. 0000002231 00000 n 0000029434 00000 n The https:// ensures that you are connecting to the Appl Neuropsychol Child. This reaction focuses on and, By clicking accept or continuing to use the site, you agree to the terms outlined in our. However, NVIQ was generally stable for the majority of individuals with ASD whose cognitive ability was in the average range. Children traditionally labeled learning disabled, mildly emotionally disturbed, and mildly mentally retarded are considered within a behavioral rather than a categorical framework. An overall measure of cognitive abilities, referred to as the Intelligence Quotient (IQ), can also be obtained. trailer <]>> startxref 0 %%EOF 81 0 obj<>stream WebThe Differential Ability Scales-Second Edition (DAS-II; Elliott, 2007a), developed and standardized in the United States, is a modern psychological assessment instrument with a longer history than its publication date would suggest (see Rapid Reference 1.1). WebCurrently in its 2nd edition, the Differential Ability Scales (DAS-II) provide insight into the cognitive abilities children have when learning. Regression line reflects age (in months; centered at grand mean of 63.67) entered as a covariate for Verbal; age not significant in Nonverbal equation. Genes (Basel). 2022 Aug 30;22(1):513. doi: 10.1186/s12887-022-03542-5. Normative scores are provided to compare the childs scores to same-aged peers. government site. Scores are standard scores with a mean of 100 and standard deviation of 15. 0000004039 00000 n 0000049621 00000 n WebSample APPA Report Sally Smith (not real name) Page - 3 Behavior Rating Inventory of Executive Function (BRIEF) Wechsler Preschool and Primary Scale of Intelligence (WPPSI-IV) Thematic Apperception Test Incomplete Sentences Test FINDINGS This section presents what was found during the evaluation. Factor scores were derived, and these variables were clustered using the hierarchical group, The purpose of the study was to evaluate the process whereby children are identified as learning disabled (LD) and the validity of subsequent educational placements: (a) a representative sample of, This study examined the extent to which school personnel were able to differentiate learning disabled students from low achievers by examining patterns of scores on psychometric measures. View 7 excerpts, cites results, background and methods, Abstract. 0000002890 00000 n Unauthorized use of these marks is strictly prohibited. 0000003362 00000 n 3. Appropriate for individuals from 2:6 years to 7:11 years, it measures identifiable skills directly related to educational concerns. Bethesda, MD 20894, Web Policies WebThe Differential Ability Scales (DAS; Elliott, 1990c) is a comprehensive battery of cognitive and achievement tests that are designed for children and adolescents between the ages of 2 1/2 and 17 years. The Differential Ability Scales (DAS) is a scale developed in the British empirical tradition and is purported to be useful in making educational decisions for children. WebThis cognitive assessment tool can be administered to children from aged 2 years and 6 months to 6 years and 11 months in the Lower Battery and an Upper Batter that can be Disclaimer. AY"6\Zs\=>d )n0_!yS JGq5iJkr&S[j"@{GM.G2d?. Scores on the DAS-II and MSEL were highly correlated, suggesting that they measure a similar construct. sharing sensitive information, make sure youre on a federal Farmer, C., Golden, C., & Thurm, A. Indices assessed include Verbal Comprehension, Perceptual Reasoning, Working Memory and Processing Speed. Autism; Cognitive testing; DAS-II; Developmental quotient; IQ; Mullen Scales of Early Learning. 0000044112 00000 n These cluster scores consist of six core subtests (or four, for children 2:6-3:5) that are designed to measure verbal, nonverbal, and spatial reasoning. The .gov means its official. Some children with speech sound disorders (SSD) hav e difficulty with literacyrelated skills. PMC %PDF-1.5 % Governors Committee on People With Disabilities. It provides information on a childs verbal comprehension, visual-spatial reasoning, memory, and processing speed. National Library of Medicine 0000050828 00000 n Archives of clinical neuropsychology : the official journal of the National Academy of Neuropsychologists, The discriminant validity of the Upper Preschool Level of the Differential Ability Scales (DAS) was studied using 32 at-risk preschoolers (females = 14, males = 18) with a mean age of 57.28 months, The Differential Ability Scales (DAS; Elliott, 1990c) is a comprehensive battery of cognitive and achievement tests that are designed for children and adolescents between the ages of 2 1/2 and 17. Children with Williams syndrome who have be taught reading using a systematic phonics approach both decode and comprehend significantly better than children who have been taught using a whole-word approach. Each composite index combines to form the Full Scale Intelligence Quotient which measures overall intellectual ability. Developmental Neuropsychological Assessment, Second Edition (NEPSY-II), Differential Ability Scales, Second Edition Upper & Lower Early Years Battery, Leiter International Performance Scale, Third Edition (Leiter-3), Stanford-Binet Intelligence Scales, Fifth Edition (SB5), Universal Nonverbal Intelligence Test, Second Edition (UNIT-2), Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children, Fourth Edition (WISC-IV), Wechsler Intelligence Scales for Children, Fifth Edition (WISC-V), Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale Fourth Edition (WAIS-IV). 0000034407 00000 n In addition to an overall composite , the General Conceptual Ability (GCA) score, this instrument also yields a Special Nonverbal Composite (SNC) score for children who may have difficulty with oral language. Convergent and divergent validity of the Mullen Scales of Early Learning in young children with and without autism spectrum disorder. Regression line reflect age (in months; centered at grand mean of 55.32) entered as a covariate for Verbal; age not significant in Nonverbal equation. WebDAS Report A sample report that includes the Differential Ability Scales (DAS), the Test of Memory and Learning (TOMAL), and several other evaluation tools Inconsistent Report The site is secure. The Differential Ability Scales Second Edition (DAS-II; Elliott, 2007) is an individually administered, norm-referenced instrument that assesses the cognitive abilities of children and adolescents ages 2 years, 6 months through 17 years, 11 months. Mullen scales of early learning: the utility in assessing children diagnosed with autism spectrum disorders, cerebral palsy, and epilepsy. WebIntellectual ability tests measure the abilities of an individual child relative to the abilities of children in the general population. 2022 Jul 29;13:927847. doi: 10.3389/fpsyg.2022.927847. Template Samples. The NEPSY-II is a comprehensive, standardized neuropsychological assessment tool used to evaluate several domains of cognitive abilities. Would you like email updates of new search results? Semantic Scholar is a free, AI-powered research tool for scientific literature, based at the Allen Institute for AI. Composites combine to form a Full Scale Intelligence Quotient (FSIQ) which is an overall measure of intellectual ability. Epub 2022 Nov 13. The WISC-R was administered to a group of learning-disabled (LD) children and the results factor-analyzed. Concerns about the ability-achievement discrepancy method for specific learning disability (SLD) determination led to alternative research-based methods, such as failure to respond to intervention. Psychologists use the DAS-II to learn about a childs thinking skills, memory, processing speed, spatial awareness, and verbal knowledge. Belteki Z, Lumbreras R, Fico K, Haman E, Junge C. Int J Environ Res Public Health. This is individually adiministered measure of cognitive ability for those aged 6 to 16 years. wechsler nonverbal sample report . 1990. 2022 Jan 27;19(3):1469. doi: 10.3390/ijerph19031469. WASI-II. However, curve estimation revealed large mean differences in scores that varied as a function of the child's cognitive ability level. Z99 MH999999/ImNIH/Intramural NIH HHS/United States, ZIA MH002868-04/ImNIH/Intramural NIH HHS/United States. HGG Adv. A cluster analysis procedure was used to identify subgroups of children who manifested specific learning disabilities in reading (SLD/R) in terms of performance on a battery of eight language and perceptual tests, finding some significant differences in measures of oral reading and reading comprehension skills. 0000025366 00000 n Education. It provides specific information on a childs visual, gross and fine motor, and expressive and receptive language abilities. Kern et al. A review of infant growth and psychomotor developmental outcomes after intrauterine exposure to preeclampsia. 0000021809 00000 n The Differential Ability Scales (DAS) was created to provide practitioners with an alternative instrument that may be as effective as WISC-III in picking up specific patterns of learning difficulties. The WAIS-IV has 15 subtests with a core of 10 summarized into the four composites listed above. 0000050220 00000 n We examined the degree to which child, family, and treatment variables predicted treatment outcomes for reading and math achievement and oppositional behavior in a sample of 135 young, View 2 excerpts, cites methods and background, Narrative development involves an extended development that requires the integration of linguistic, cognitive, and social capacities. This test provides an overall measure of cognitive abilities, referred to as a Full Scale Battery. Keywords: It consists of two batteries, the Early Years Battery and the School-Age Battery, which were normed for overlapping age ranges to increase the usefulness for children of varying ability levels. 0000015176 00000 n Semantic Scholar is a free, AI-powered research tool for scientific literature, based at the Allen Institute for AI. Good validity . Copyright 2007-2019 Texas Education Agency (TEA). 0000002502 00000 n Psychol Assess. Front Psychol. Differential Ability Scales. One current intelligence measure, the Differential Ability Scales, Second Edition (DAS-II), is a test with growing popularity. The Differential Ability Scales (DAS) was created to provide practitioners with an alternative instrument that may be as effective as WISC-III in picking up specific Unable to load your collection due to an error, Unable to load your delegates due to an error. Three methods were used to identify unusual profiles: This study investigated the effects of broad cognitive abilities derived from the CattellHornCarroll (CHC) taxonomy, together with the effect of the general factor (g), on Wechsler Individual. A historical, Over a decade ago, Pasamanick and Knobloch (1958) demonstrated that disadvantaged populations manifest severe visual perceptual deficits. Cheong PL, Tsai JM, Wu YT, Lu L, Chiu YL, Shen YT, Li YJ, Tsao CH, Wang YC, Chang FM, Huang YH, Sun CW. The WAIS-IV has a mean of 100 and standard deviation of 15. WebWechslers original IQ scales differentiated verbal from performance (nonverbal) primarily for practical reasons (McGrew & Flanagan, 1998, p. 25). The limitations of standardized testing for children with developmental delay or cognitive impairment are well known: Tests do not exist that provide developmentally appropriate material along with norms that extend to the lower reaches of ability. View 6 excerpts, cites background and methods, This longitudinal study tested the veracity of one candidate multiple-deficits account of autism by assessing 37 children with autism (M age = 67.9 months) and 31 typical children (M age = 65.2, View 7 excerpts, cites methods and background. The DAS core subtests were found to be good measures of cognitive ability in children classified with ADHD and did not appear to be influenced by attention problems. WebThe Differential Ability Scales (DAS; Elliott, 1990c) is a comprehensive battery of cognitive and achievement tests that are designed for children and adolescents between the ages of 2 1/2 and 17 Expand 39 More ups and downs of subtest analysis: Criterion validity of the DAS with an unselected cohort. Age: 2 years 6 months to 17 years 11 months, Time to Administer: Core battery: 45-60 minutes; Diagnostic subtests: 30 minutes. The difference between overall scores is suggested to be attributable to a relative weakness in processing speed, which is assessed on the WISC-IV but not the DAS-II. 0000029089 00000 n 0000003463 00000 n We evaluated the correspondence of contemporaneous MSEL and the DAS-II scores in a mixed sample of children aged 2-10 years with autism spectrum disorder (ASD), non-ASD developmental delays, and typically developing children across the full spectrum of cognitive ability. 0000030281 00000 n 0000037757 00000 n Neither was associated with the magnitude of difference between overall scores. These are composed of 20 distinct subsets, which include 17 that are cognitive targets and 3 for achievement. Participants achieved significantly higher overall scores on the DAS-II and nearly half the sample achieved a higher classification label on the DAS-II. In addition to the core subtests, ten diagnostic subtests are available to measure verbal and visual working memory, immediate and delayed recall, visual recognition and matching, processing and naming speed, phonological processing, and understanding of basic number concepts. 2011 Sep;116(5):331-43. doi: 10.1352/1944-7558-116.5.331. Sattler (2001) Review of the DAS. Multistage, ABSTRACT Theory of mind describes the ability to engage in perspective-taking, infer mental states, and predict intentions, behavior, and actions in others. A composite measure known as the Full Scale Intelligence Quotient (FSIQ) is also provided as an overall measure of a childs cognitive abilities. Ward's method of cluster analysis was used to group 83 school-verified children with learning disabilities from the standardization sample. It is individually administered with one or both parents present for the administration. Goodspeed K, Liu JS, Nye KL, Prasad S, Sadhu C, Tavakkoli F, Bilder DA, Minassian BA, Bailey RM. Consistent with published data on the original DAS and the MSEL, scores on the DAS-II and MSEL were highly correlated. (For well-normed tests intended for children in the United States, this means that the group of children used to norm the assessment was matched to the U.S. census proportions in terms of Bishop, S. L., Farmer, C., & Thurm, A. High reliabilities. Method of Administration: Individually administered, norm-referenced measure of cognitive abilities; aligned to the Cattell-Horn-Carroll (CHC) model two overlapping batteries: Early Years (2:6-6:11) and School-Aged (7:0-17:11) Choice of assessment should be considered carefully given the systematic differences in overall scores produced in this population. Cultural Adaptation and Validation of Mullen Scales of Early Learning in Taiwanese children with Autism Spectrum Disorder, Global Developmental Delay, and Typically Developing Children. Regression line reflect, MeSH Differential Ability Scales-II (DAS-II) - Pearson Clinical Autistic symptomatology was not associated with cognitive scores, while adaptive behavior was positively associated. 0000021700 00000 n The International journal of neuroscience. The importance of low IQ to early diagnosis of autism. 2022 Mar;122:104158. doi: 10.1016/j.ridd.2021.104158. 0000046960 00000 n WebThe Differential Ability Scales Second Edition (DAS-II; Elliott, 2007) is an individually administered, norm-referenced instrument that assesses the cognitive abilities of children and adolescents ages 2 years, 6 months through 17 years, 11 months. WebDifferential Ability Scales Name: Jane Sample School Age Battery On this administration of the DAS, Jane Sample obtained a Verbal score of 100 (50th percentile, Average), a Measurement of nonverbal IQ in autism spectrum disorder: Scores in young adulthood compared to early childhood. WebDifferential Ability. official website and that any information you provide is encrypted 0000001873 00000 n We conclude that interchanging MSEL and DAS-II scores without regard to the discrepancy in scores may produce misleading results in both cross-sectional and longitudinal studies of children with and without ASD, and, thus, this practice should be implemented with caution. Psychologists use this to provide information on a childs logical problem-solving, verbal and nonverbal knowledge, numerical reasoning, working memory, visual-spatial processing, which is the ability to organize information into meaningful patterns and understanding how they change as they move through space.