Distinguish prejudice, stereotypes, and discrimination. Study with Quizlet and memorize flashcards containing terms like True or false: Prejudice definitions can include positive or negative judgments., Prejudice is having a negative attitude toward groups or individuals, whereas _____ is when those attitudes turn into behaviors toward the group or individual., In the context of the world, every race is a: and more. (2004). More recently, during the COVID-19 pandemic, some people held hostile views of Asian-Americans, who they perceived as being associated with the coronavirus (Misra, Le, Goldmann & Yang, 2020). a. desensitizing them to violent acts. The scale, from Luhtanen and Crocker (1992), is shown in Table 12.2 "The Collective Self-Esteem Scale". a motivation to have one's group dominate other social groups. Studies have revealed diminished activity in the ________ of violent criminals. Confirmation bias occurs from the direct influence of desire on beliefs. The process of pursuing our full potential is what he called the actualizing tendency. Brewer, M. B., & Brown, R. J. c. animals can be bred for aggressiveness. For example, imagine that a person believes left-handed people are more creative than right-handed people. In the context of the relationship between religion and racial prejudice, if one defines religiousness as . Also called the cross-race effect and the own-race bias. At the time it was written, however, women and minorities (especially enslaved people) were not included in this sentiment. School California Polytechnic State University, San Luis Obispo; Course Title PSYC 3500; Uploaded By staceymartinez1224. tendency: 1 n an inclination to do something Synonyms: leaning , propensity Type of: inclination that toward which you are inclined to feel a liking n an attitude of mind especially one that favors one alternative over others "a tendency to be too strict" Synonyms: disposition , inclination Types: show 31 types. For example, ethnic Asians living in the United States are commonly referred to as the model minority because of their perceived success in areas such as education, income, and social stability. b. b. less; more However, to justify preferential treatment, people often exaggerate the differences between their in-group and an outgroup. d. encouraging them to engage in more thoughtful moral reasoning. The theory that we explain someone's behavior by crediting either the situation (external) or the person's disposition (internal). Study with Quizlet and memorize flashcards containing terms like The jury . b. there is no physiological basis for aggression in humans. Mr. Wong, a high school teacher, tells his class that he thinks boys tend to be less anxious and, thus, give better speeches than girls. The girls are reacting to: Your new roommate is from Ireland. that most people like women more than men. Psychological impact of anti-Asian stigma due to COVID-19 pandemic: A call for research, practice, and policy responses. Group-serving bias is the tendency to make more favorable attributions about our ingroups than our outgroups. b. Social comparison and social identity: Some prospects for intergroup behaviour. . You are Black, and you have difficulty recognizing the White customers who were in your store during a robbery. c. The need to be accepted by others is a powerful motivating force. d. oxytocin. We categorize people according to their citizenship, gender, allegiance to a sports team, and university affiliation, among other qualities. This is an example of: Elena's boss fires her because he is downsizing his company. "learners" received painful electric shocks even if they had heart problems. University of Houston. Verbal behavior intended to hurt another person is an example of: Study Resources. What roles do the evoked set, inert set, and inept set take part in a consumer's information search? 2. View Essay - chapter_12 from HLT 1353 at University of Houston. Since 1946, the average midterm loss for the president's party is 25 seats. a. ingroup bias. Consequently, because of the absence of genuine feedback, Yosef is not able to progress like other trainees. Classic examples of blatant bias include the views of members of hate groups such as the Ku Klux Klan and members of Hitlers Nazi party. Conserves physiological arousal and excitement. What connection has been found in experiments exploring self-image and prejudice? Social psychologists have developed several ways to measure this automatic preference, the most famous being the Implicit Association Test (IAT; Greenwald, Banaji, Rudman, Farnham, Nosek, & Mellott, 2002; Greenwald, McGhee, & Schwartz, 1998). B) self-serving bias. Indicators of aversive racism correlate with discriminatory behavior, despite being the ambiguous result of good intentions gone bad. High rates of violence are most common among those who experience minimal levels of: Study with Quizlet and memorize flashcards containing terms like modern racism, ingroup bias, been more racially prejudiced than others and more. Just ask yourself if youve ever been asked, What are you? This question is frequently asked to people about their ethnicity, national origin, gender identity, religion, and other group affiliations. Individualistic culture is to independent self as collectivistic culture is to _______ self. HLT 1353. chapter_12_answers - CHAPTER 12: CULTURE Multiple Choice 1. Which of the following is true of violent male criminals? Under the proper circumstances, most people can suppress their natural aggressiveness. This is an especially useful way to measure potential biases because it does not simply ask people to openly report on the extent to which they discriminate against others. However, imagine if every time you ate ice cream, you got a brain freeze. Like most students in her school, she believes that Carson Elementary School is the best school in town. Tajfel (1979) proposed that the groups (e.g. The girls' belief best illustrates: Daniel does not get the desired salary hike during his annual appraisal. c. frontal lobes What are the demand functions in this case? Iceland, for example, guarantees legal equality between men and women. Although this is unfair, sometimes the automatic associationsoften driven by societys stereotypestrump our own explicit values (Devine, 1989). The tenency to favor our own group: Term. 1. The tendency for people who have first agreed to a small request to comply later with a larger request. d. Catharsis. Do you know more people from different kinds of social groups than your parents did? Unselfish regard for the welfare of others. b. exposing them to adult models of aggression. HLT. In other words, ingroup bias denotes positive feelings towards one's ingroup, while outgroup bias denotes negative feelings towards outgroups. A simple way to understand these mixed feelings, across a variety of groups, results from the Stereotype Content Model shows that social groups are viewed according to their perceived warmth and competence. We naturally categorize people by age, language, occupation, ethnicity, income, and many other qualities. The tendency to recall faces of one's own race more accurately than faces of other races. Like SDO, there does appear to be an association between this ideology (i.e. For example, by crediting the ingroup for its successes, while blaming external factors for its failures. It's awful what the human race can do, even with the way we . (a) Find the demand functions, x(p,m)x^*(p, m)x(p,m) and y(p,m)y^*(p, m)y(p,m). It was considered acceptable to openly disparage entire groups of people and to pass laws that restricted or harmed these groups. View quiz 5 psych 312.docx from PSYCH 312 at Liberty University. Influence (conforming) resulting from a person's desire to gain approval or avoid disapproval. p.)\left.p.\right)p.). Thus, those high inSDO see groups as battling each other for these resources, with winners at the top of the social hierarchy and losers at the bottom (see Table 1). Although the interviewer may not be blatantly biased, their automatic or implicit biases may be harmful to one of the applicants. Also called the cross-race effect and the own-race bias: just-world phenomenon 30. Prejudice. a. a dispositional attribution. Here are some more examples that are actually prejudice, watch what you say! (Mob Mentality), The enhancement of a group's prevailing inclinations through discussion within the group. University students were observed to pull harder on a rope when they thought they were pulling alone than when they thought three others were pulling with them on the same rope. It generally involves stereotyped beliefs, negative feelings, and a predisposition to discriminatory action. Early. The tendency for observers, when analyzing another's behavior, to underestimate the impact of the situation and to overestimate the . They are Canadian, or fans of Manchester United, or are doctors. Two months before the 2018 midterms, President Trump had a 40% job approval rating. "Us"people with whom we share a common identity. Could you feel that some associations are easier than others? Outgroup bias is the tendency to dislike or belittle members of groups that we don't identify with. The scientific study of how we think about, influence, and relate to one another. Unfortunately, problems can also arise from our tendency to categorize. This is best illustrated in studies of, Prejudice is most likely to develop as a way of justifying, Most children believe their school is better than the other schools in town. attitude. Liking yourself and the groups to which you belong is natural. Whenever this person encounters a person that is both left-handed and creative, they place greater . After discussing why each of them believes this to be so, they all conclude that Ms. Akey is definitely a much better teacher than Mr. Schwenke. Right-wing authoritarianism, left-wing authoritarianism, and pandemic-mitigation authoritarianism. a. deindividuation. Measured cognitive dissonance by paying participants to $1 or $20 to lie about the enjoyment of a dull task. direction a . In the context of the motivational sources of prejudice, this scenario exemplifies ________. Pages 14 It pays the utility bill during July. d. less; less, The Language of Composition: Reading, Writing, Rhetoric, Lawrence Scanlon, Renee H. Shea, Robin Dissin Aufses, Literature and Composition: Reading, Writing,Thinking, Carol Jago, Lawrence Scanlon, Renee H. Shea, Robin Dissin Aufses. Study with Quizlet and memorize flashcards containing terms like The tendency to favor one's own cultural group over other groups is known as ., The underlying reason why stereotype threat can undermine the performance of members of a group with respect to some ability is that the experience of stereotype threat fosters ., In individualistic cultures, what is NOT one of the four beliefs . One explanation is that historical biases were widespread and institutionalized. An unjustifiable (and usually negative) attitude toward a group and its members. The loss of self-awareness and self-restraint occurring in group situations that foster arousal and anonymity. The tendency to favor one's own . _____ refers to the tendency to view the world through one's own cultural filters.a) Conservatism b) Relativism c) Ethnocentrism d) Ableism ANS: c A-head: Culture and Intergroup Relations REF: 363 Feedback: Ethnocentrism is the tendency to view the world through one's own cultural filters. People higher on SDO tend to choose and thrive in occupations that maintain existing group hierarchies (police, prosecutors, business), compared to those lower in SDO, who tend to pick more equalizing occupations (social work, public defense, psychology). Denote the maximal utility as a function of ppp and mmm by U(p,m)U^*(p, m)U(p,m), the value function, also called the indirect utility function. 33. (b) Find the partial derivatives of the demand functions w.r.t. experiments were performed despite mass student protests against the research. Situational (External) Attribution Theory. Universal dimensions of social cognition: Warmth and competence. Which of the following statements is likely to be true of Bill? Joie, age 19, is a Black female university sophomore. If people hold a negative view of Margaret because they hold negative views about older adults in general, this is prejudice. For instance, the constitution of the United States attempted to ensure that all people were represented by the government and could participate in the creation of government. Social identity theory (Tajfel, Billig, Bundy, & Flament, 1971) describes this tendency to favor ones own in-group over anothers outgroup. Her explanation for the accident provides and example of. That said, the targets of bias sometimes shift across time. They have relatively high levels of serotonin and low levels of testosterone. A) lack of critical thinking due to a strong desire for social harmony within a group. These blatant biases tend to run in packs: People who openly hate one outgroup also hate many others. an unjustifiable (and usually negative) attitude toward a group and its members. Reduction in feelings of personal burden in the presence of others. Psychology. a. groupthink bias b.ingroup bias c.outgroup bias d. intergroup bias According to current research of aggression, which of the following statements is. Categories . C) Having an unreasonable fear of those who are different from you. They are automatic, ambiguous, and ambivalent, but nonetheless biased, unfair, and disrespectful to a belief in equality. This fact is consistent with the principle that ________ breeds prejudice. Basically, rumination . Weddings are generally happy occasions (it is more appropriate to say congratulations than I am so sorry), they are formal affairs (people typically dress up), and they usually include food (you dont need to stop and eat before attending the wedding). . Subtle biases (also called automatic or implicit biases) are unexamined and sometimes unconscious, but just as real in their consequences. . There are also lots of stereotypes regarding each race. Representativeness Heuristic The tendency to make judgments about group membership based on physical appearances or the match between a person and one's stereotype of a group rather than on available base rate information. Tensions between, say, a White persons own good intentions, on the one hand, and discomfort with closely interacting with a Black person, on the other hand, may cause the White person to behave stiffly or be distracted. Study with Quizlet and memorize flashcards containing terms like social identity theory observations, Reza is a male, Muslim, and Persian. (tn dn si) n., pl. Take the IAT. B) an unjustifiable attitude toward a group and its members. Being audience-centered means a speaker must sacrifice what she or he really believes to get a favorable response from . Female 1: I have my ups and downs just like anybody else. An example of the fundamental attribution error is illustrated in our tendency to underestimate the extent to which others' behavior is influenced by: Politicians who publicly oppose a tax increase that they privately favor best illustrate that, That actions may sometimes be inconsistent with attitudes, The impact of our actions on our attitudes is best illustrated by, The set of prescribed behaviors associated with a particular social position is best described as, Philip Zimbardo devised a simulated prison and randomly assigned college students to serve as prisoners or guards. (1974). This means seeing women, minorities, homosexuals, and non-believers as inferior. Today, many nations have equality clearly articulated in their constitutions. (2020). Instead, it measures how quickly people make judgments about the goodness or badness of various groups. Self-serving bias can spill over into the groups we identify with. This best illustrates the value of, Sharing household chores ranks high on a list of things people associate with successful marriages. His reaction most clearly illustrates one of the dynamics involved in, An expectation that people will help those who depend on them is known as the, Two conflicting groups who share the same negative views of one another demonstrate. The tendency for people in a group to exert less effort when pooling their efforts toward attaining a common goal than when individually accountable. Discrimination and the implicit association test. Research on the biology of aggression has clearly demonstrated that: Neither realized, however, that Sabina needed the car only in the early evening and that Pablo needed it only in the late evening. Even ordinary people, without any particular hostility, can become agents in a destructive process. a. the bystander effect. This sends subtle cues to the applicant that she is not being taken seriously, is not a good fit for the job, or is not likely to get hired. Attitude change path in which interested people focus on the arguments, facts and respond with favorable thoughts. Also called the cross-race effct and the own-race . Dispositional (Internal) Attribution Theory. QUESTION 23 The tendency to apply one's own cultural values in judging the behavior and beliefs of people raised in other cultures is known as cultural relativism cultural universalism ethnocentrism egocentrism QUESTION 24 Foraging societies practice what . Sherif planned a disruption of the water supply in a Boy Scout camp in order to observe how social relationships are influenced by, Pablo and Sabina argued bitterly about which of them should have use of the family car that night. In-group favoritism, sometimes known as in-group-out-group bias, in-group bias, intergroup bias, or in-group preference, is a pattern of favoring members of one's in-group over out-group members. Common stereotypes of people from all sorts of categories and occupations turn out to classify them along these two dimensions (see Figure 1). Idea that individuals pair up into relationships with people who are similar to their level of physical attraction. We group household objects together as furniture, certain domestic animals as pets, and certain books as classics. Categories are helpful because they provide a mental roadmap for how to interact in novel situations.