Lichens are named based on the fungal component, which plays the primary role in determining the lichen's form. Lichens occur in one of four basic growth forms, as illustrated below: crustose - crustlike, growing tight against the substrate. ; foliose - leaflike, with flat sheets of tissue not tightly bound. 6): (1) Upper cortex, (2) Gonidial layer, (3) Medulla and (4) Lower cortex. They are diverse, adaptable, functional, and little understood. A transverse section of the heteromerous (foliose) lichen can be divided into following 4 distinct zones (Fig. Lichens are interesting organisms. Even within western science the identity and taxonomy of lichens have not remained constant throughout history. The folk taxonomy of lichens within a given culture is not synonymous with the scientific taxonomy and reflects the cultural value of those lichens and the traditional method of their identification. Foliose Lichen Taxonomy; Scleroderma cepa Mushroom Taxonomy; Eastern Cottontail Rabbit Taxonomy; Clitocybe robusta Mushroom Taxonomy; Virginia Opossum Taxonomy; Lavender Guinea Taxonomy April (12) March (2) About Me. The fungus typically comprises the majority of a lichen's bulk, though in filamentous and gelatinous lichens this is not always the case. (1) Upper cortex: It is the upper-most protective layer made up of compactly interwoven fungal hyphae. They play an important role in our natural ecosystems and can let us know when those ecosystems are in trouble. Cyanobacteria are present in only 6 (1%) species. Lichens are beautiful, especially when you view a lichen-drenched Douglas-fir or a colorful crust-covered cliff, and up close when viewed under a hand-lens or microscope. ; fruticose - free-standing branching tubes.. BiologyProject44(Shelby, Hannah, Emma, Saige) ; squamulose - tightly clustered and slightly flattened pebble-like units. 8%) are crustose. 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